Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., '(Smith, 2000)', being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the British Standards Institution and the Modern Language Association. Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is a specific kind of parenthetical referencing.Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records.Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. The Columbia Style was created by Janice R.The closely related Turabian style-which derives from it-is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The Chicago Style (CMOS) was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style.Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato Bekker numbers for Aristotle citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse or Shakespeare notation by play. personal interview) and date of interview.Ī number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs consequently, a number of different guides exist. Interview: name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex.For example: 'For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give.' (Brennan, lines 15–16). Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line number(s).For example, 'In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married' (Pushkin 4.452–53). Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452.Web site: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed.Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).Book: author(s), book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
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